Acknowledgements

Gail Wallace a co-founder of The Junia Project who holds a B.S.N. and M.A. from Azusa Pacific University and a Ph.D. from Walden University and also a Certificate in Theology from Princeton Theological Seminary. juniaproject.com/defusing-1-timothy-212-authority-authentein/

Meanings for authentein in the TLG* between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. (a 400 year span with the New Testament period at its center) include the following:

– “doer of a massacre”
– “author of crimes”
– “perpetrators of sacrilege”
– “supporter of violent actions”
– “murderer of oneself”
– “sole power”
– “perpetrator of slaughter”
– “murderer”
– “slayer”

– “slayer of oneself”
– “authority”
– “perpetrator of evil”
– “one who murders by his own hand” 

(Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Philo, psuedo-Clement, Appian of Alexander, Irenaeus, Harpocration, Phrynicus, as cited in Wilshire, 2010).

(*The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae® (TLG®) is a research program at the University of California, Irvine. Founded in 1972 the TLG has collected and digitized most literary texts written in Greek from Homer to the fall of Byzantium in AD 1453.)